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FOLIA GEOGRAPHICA 2012 (20), LIV., pp. 23-36

Vývoj Krajiny vo Výskumnom Polygóne Suchého Poldra Beša na Východoslovenskej Rovine v Časovom Horizonte 1770–2008

Landscape Development in the Research Polygon of the Dry Polder Beša in Východoslovenská Rovina Plane at Time Horizon 1770-2008

Martin Boltižiar A, Eva Michaeli B*, Matej Mojses C

Received: May 15, 2012 | Revised: June 22, 2012 | Accepted: October 2, 2012

A Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Trieda A. Hlinku 1, 949 01 Slovakia; Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia mboltiziar@ukf.sk; martin.boltiziar@savba.sk
B* University of Prešov, 17. novembra 1, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia eva.michaeli@unipo.sk (corresponding author)
C Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia matej.mojses@unipo.sk

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Abstract

Administratively the study area (cadastral territory of Beša village, research polygon) belongs to the Košice region and Trebišov district. Polder Beša is a dry reservoir belonging to the largest in the Central Europe (volume 53 mil. m3). It was built in 1965 in the frame of the complex regulation of water regime on the East Slovakian lowland. Flowing and underground water in this area is represented by specific nature geosystem. It was modified in 60th years of the last century for the purpose of fertilization of soils and enlargement of agroproduction areas in the region. Modifications influenced the natural configuration of the river network and the creation of new real and potential water surfaces, disappearance of wetlands, moors and the dead arms of rivers. They affected also the hydrophysical properties of soils, microclimate, land cover and the changes of the total structure of the landscape. Human activities in this region have caused irreversible changes in two ways. The first one influenced landscape structure directly, e. g. by building of the water canals and dams, the second one indirectly.

Key words: Landscape changes, polder Beša, GIS, historical maps, orthophotos

Summary

Landscape Development in the Research Polygon of the Dry Polder Beša in Východoslovenská Rovina Plane at Time Horizon 1770-2008

Till the sixties of the last century the a territory of contemporary dry polder Beša was periodically flooded several times yearly. There was a natural water regime, which is conserved the unique conditions and kept suitable biotopes (network of canals, wetlands, dead arm of the river) for nesting and life waterfowl (including migrating species) and for hygrophil and water plants with a significant number of rare species. The rest part of the area was formed by agrogeosystems (mainly grasslean) used for extensive cattle breeding. At present days the polder is dry during the most part of a year. This situation is reflected in landscape use forms, which is shown by upper given multemporale analysis. Hydrological regime of the territory was artificially modified, what caused the extinction of the original habitats. At present the dry polder Beša has mostly retentive function in the period of flood situations, which extent and frequency is not possible to predict. Attenuation of the agricultural production (after 1989) conditioned significant regression of the original agrogeosystems by successive changes of vegetation and growth of technical infrastructure area. Functional delimitation of the territory influenced spatial dynamics of development in landscape use in polder itself, but also in the cadastral territory of the settlement (Black et al., 1998). During the last 60. years the fragmentation of the landscape was increased and its heterogenity too, but biodiversity of ecologically valuable territory decreased. Modification of the water regime in the natural hydrogeosystems did not bring expected results from the aspect of ecological stability and landscape protection.

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