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Folia Geographica 2014, 56/2, pp. 29-40

TEORETICKÝ RÁMEC VÝSKUMU INTRAURBÁNNEJ KRIMINALITY: Hlavné prístupy v kriminologickom myslení – THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE INTRA-URBAN CRIMINALITY RESEARCH: Main Approaches in the Criminological Thought

Kvetoslava MATLOVIČOVÁ A*

Received: May 10, 2015 | Revised: June 30, 2015 | Accepted: September 10, 2015

A* University of Prešov, 17. novembra 1, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia
kvetoslava.matlovicova@unipo.sk (corresponding author)


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Abstract
Seeking the causes of criminality and attempts to find ways to prevent it or even protect against it extend into distant history. This has led to the development of numerous criminological theories. Crime has always been seen as a serious social phenomenon, which is why it is under intensive research as such. For the purpose of furnishing a basic set of information for further geographical research, this paper describes significant attributes and main schools within the groups of so-called classical, positivistic, and postmodernist theories of crime.

Key words
Crime, classical criminology, positivist criminology, postmodern criminology

SUMMARY

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE INTRA-URBAN CRIMINALITY RESEARCH: Main Approaches in the Criminological Thought

Crime has always been seen as a serious social phenomenon. Intensive research and the search for the causes of this phenomenon have led to the formation of numerous theories. This paper describes significant attributes and main schools within the groups of so-called classical, positivistic, and postmodernist theories of crime. The reader can find there the comparative advantages and weaknesses of different theories. The early formation period of crime theories falls into the mid-18th century, which was under the influence of Enlightenment ideas. On this basis, classical theories of crime were established. Classical criminology worked on the assumption that a criminal act is the result of the offender’s own free will, and he bears full responsibility for the consequences. The classical crime school rejected outside influences, especially supernatural forces such as demons or devils. The conviction that only scientific methods of explanation can help clarify crime roots influenced the formation of the positivistic crime school. Within this direction, several other crime theories were formed. In the second half of the 20th century, crime theory shifted into the field of crime etiology, and some new postmodernist crime theories were formed. Despite the aforementioned crime schools, multi-factorial crime attempts are preferred recently. They take into consideration more than one factor of various natures at the same time. According to some research results (e.g., Farrington 2002, Tomášek 2010, Madliak et al. 2009), such an approach has greater potential to lead to more accurate outcomes, which can contribute to better encompassing intra-urban crime.

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