Folia Geographica 2016, 58/2, pp. 5-21
THE NUMBER AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROMA POPULATION IN HUNGARY – IN THE LIGHT OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES
István Zoltán PÁSZTOR A, János PÉNZES B*, Patrik TÁTRAI C, Ágnes PÁLÓCZI D
Received: December 5, 2016 | Revised: December 15, 2016 | Accepted: December 16, 2016
A University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Hungary
pasztor.istvan.zoltan@gmail.com
B* University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Hungary
penzes.janos@science.unideb.hu (corresponding author)
C Hungarian Academy of Sciences, RCAeS, Budaörsi út 45., H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
tatrai.patrik@csfk.mta.hu
D University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Hungary
palocziagnes89@gmail.com
Abstract
Measuring the number of ethnic minorities is one of the greatest challenges on the field of demography and ethnic geography. This is especially true for Roma whose census number does not coincide with estimated number by external observers. Several datasets and surveys are available to count the number of Roma people in Hungary, however they resulted in different numbers. The present study targets to overview these surveys, their approach and method and aims to provide a brief summary about the recent survey of the University of Debrecen based on the personal and electronic questioning of local representatives about the number of Roma. This study is also an attempt to show regional distribution of Roma population in Hungary. As a result, the estimated number of the Hungarian Roma community is 876,000 that is one of the highest values published so far and exceeds census number almost 3 times. The spatial patterns of Roma show their intense segregation, peripheralization and the phenomenon of ethnic change primarily in north-east and South Transdanubia.
Key words
Census, ethnicity, Hungary, Roma, survey
SUMMARY
THE NUMBER AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROMA POPULATION IN HUNGARY – IN THE LIGHT OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES
The evaluations for the number of Roma population tend to represent large dispersion due to several reasons. The Hungarian Roma population is called as hidden minority because of their language use and double identity. The changing declaration of the identity, the existence of Roma sub-groups, the migration make this issue more complicated. Census data are based on the self-declaration; surveys build on external categorization of interviewers (and other experts) and the surveys with territorial approach apply external categorization by settlements collecting the local representatives’ estimates. In the case of the external classification of local representatives the mixed marriages and the problem of social and territorial segregation might influence the estimations about the number of Roma population. Several existing datasets are overviewed in the study with special attention to those ones with territorial decomposition. The latest complete and settlement level estimations are available in the survey of the University of Debrecen (2010-2013). The summarized number of Roma inhabitants exceeded 876,000 people according to this survey. This value is 2.8 times higher than the census data from 2011. The territorial pattern of these datasets are similar but major differences are detected primarily by the settlements with Roma majority. The summary of this phenomenon draw the attention to one the most important social processes in Hungary with its spatial disparities at the same time.
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